Jacaranda Humanities Alive 7 Australian Curriculum 3E learnON and Print

Jacaranda Humanities Alive 7 (for Australian Curriculum v9.0)

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Table of Contents

About this resource vii

Acknowledgements xiv

Understanding cognitive verbs 1

■ History 2

1 History concepts and skills 4

1.1 Overview 5

1.2 Concepts in History 6

1.3 Ages, time and chronology 17

1.4 Detective work and archaeology 20

1.5 How old is it? 26

1.6 Skills in History 30

1.7 SkillBuilder: Sequencing events in chronological order

1.8 SkillBuilder: Describing broad patterns of change

1.9 SkillBuilder: Developing a Hypothesis

1.10 SkillBuilder: Analysing and corroborating ancient Greek sources

1.11 SkillBuilder: Analysing and corroborating ancient Roman sources

1.12 SkillBuilder: Analysing and corroborating ancient Egyptian sources

1.13 SkillBuilder: Analysing different perspectives about ancient India

1.14 SkillBuilder: Analysing different perspectives about ancient China

1.15 Review 35

2 Deep time history of Australia 40

2.1 Overview 41

2.2 How do we know about the deep time history of Australia? 43

2.3 What is deep time? 47

2.4 Where and what was the land of Sahul?  50

2.5 Who were the First Peoples of Australia and the Torres Strait Islands? 56

2.6 How did First Nations Australians manage the land? 62

2.7 How did technology develop in ancient Australia? 68

2.8 What was the First Nations Australian economy? 74

2.9 How did custom and kinship shape First Nations Australian society? 80

2.10 How was life and death recognised in ancient Australia? 84

2.11 How have the world’s oldest continuing cultures changed over time? 89

2.12 How do we conserve our deep time history 92

2.13 INQUIRY: Communicating deep time culture and history 99

2.14 Review 101

3 Ancient Greece

3.1 Overview

3.2 How do we know about ancient Greece?

3.3 Who were the Minoans and Mycenaeans?

3.4 What was the Greek ‘Dark Age’?

3.5 How were Athens and Sparta governed?

3.6 What was it like to live in Sparta?

3.7 What was life like in Athens?

3.8 What do we know about Greek laws, myths, gods and oracles?

3.9 What were the Olympic Games?

3.10 How was Greece changed by wars?

3.11 What is the heritage of ancient Greece?

3.12 INQUIRY: Contested histories — did the Spartans really kill their weak babies?

3.13 Review

4 Ancient Rome 108

4.1 Overview 109

4.2 How do we know about ancient Rome? 111

4.3 How did Rome become so powerful? 115

4.4 How did the Roman Empire grow? 119

4.5 Why was the Roman army so successful? 123

4.6 How was Rome ruled? 127

4.7 How brutal was Roman slavery? 133

4.8 What was it like to live in the Roman Empire? 136

4.9 What did ancient Romans believe about death? 144

4.10 How did ancient Roman laws and religion change? 147

4.11 Why did the Roman Empire fall? 152

4.12 What is Rome’s heritage? 156

4.13 INQUIRY: Contested histories — how bad was Emperor Nero? 160

4.14 Review 163

5 Ancient Egypt 168

5.1 Overview 169

5.2 How do we know about ancient Egypt? 171

5.3 Why was the Nile so important? 175

5.4 What was Egyptian society like? 180

5.5 What did ancient Egyptians believe? 187

5.6 What’s the truth about the pyramids? 193

5.7 Who were Tutankhamun, Akhenaten and Nefertiti? 199

5.8 What were the effects of war and trade? 204

5.9 Rameses II — Egypt’s greatest pharaoh? 209

5.10 What should we thank the Egyptians for? 214

5.11 INQUIRY: Powerful women — how have they been recorded and treated in history? 217

5.12 Review 220

6 Ancient India

6.1 Overview

6.2 How do we know about ancient India?

6.3 What is the geography of India?

6.4 What are the lost cities of the Indus Valley?

6.5 What contacts and conflicts did ancient India experience?

6.6 What was significant about the Mauryan Empire?

6.7 Who was Ashoka the Great?

6.8 What was the social structure of ancient India?

6.9 INQUIRY: What was behind Ashoka the Great’s sudden change in leadership style?

6.10 Review

7 Ancient China 226

7.1 Overview 227

7.2 How do we know about ancient China? 229

7.3 How did China’s civilisation begin? 232

7.4 What were life and death like in ancient China? 236

7.5 How did China’s civilisation affect its environment? 241

7.6 What were the influences of Confucianism, religions and laws? 244

7.7 How did the first emperor change China? 248

7.8 Why did the Han dynasty rise and fall? 254

7.9 What is the heritage of ancient China? 260

7.10 INQUIRY: Contested histories — how should we judge the legacy of Qin Shihuang? 265

7.11 Review 267

8 Geography concepts and skills 274

8.1 Overview 275

8.2 Concepts in Geography 276

8.3 Skills used in Geography 282

8.4 SkillBuilder: Constructing a pie Graph

8.5 SkillBuilder: How to read a map

8.6 SkillBuilder: Reading a weather Map

8.7 SkillBuilder: Creating a simple column or bar graph

8.8 SkillBuilder: Using topographic maps

8.9 SkillBuilder: Using alphanumeric grid references

8.10 SkillBuilder: Drawing a climate graph

8.11 SkillBuilder: Creating and analysing overlay maps

8.12 SkillBuilder: Annotating a photograph

8.13 SkillBuilder: Drawing a line graph

8.14 SkillBuilder: Interpreting diagrams

8.15 SkillBuilder: Cardinal points —wind roses

8.16 SkillBuilder: Creating a concept Diagram

8.17 SkillBuilder: Interpreting topological maps

8.18 SkillBuilder: Understanding satellite images

8.19 Review 295

9 Water as a resource 296

9.1 Overview 297

9.2 What are environmental resources? 298

9.3 How is water used as a resource? 302

9.4 How is groundwater a resource? 305

9.5 How does groundwater connect people? 309

9.6 How is water distributed across the world? 314

9.7 How does Australia’s climate affect its water availability? 318

9.8 Investigating topographic maps: The value of water in Noosa 323

9.9 Does everyone have enough water? 326

9.10 What water scarcity exists in Australia and the world? 333

9.11 How can people overcome water scarcity? 340

9.12 INQUIRY: What is the water quality of a local waterway? 348

9.13 Review 351

■ Geography 272

10 Water variability and natural hazards 356

10.1 Overview 357

10.2 What is the difference between weather and climate? 358

10.3 What are natural hazards and natural disasters? 362

10.4 What is the impact of water variability, availability and accessibility? 366

10.5 What causes droughts and how do we manage them? 381

10.6 What are the causes and impacts of floods? 381

10.7 How are floods managed? 387

10.8 Investigating topographic maps — potential flooding on Sydney’s northern beaches 391

10.9 Why does the wind blow? 393

10.10 What causes thunderstorms and extreme weather? 400

10.11 What causes cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons? 408

10.12 INQUIRY: How do people around the world access water? 416

10.13 Review 418

11 Choosing a place to live 424

11.1 Overview 425

11.2 What creates a sense of place? 426

11.3 Why do people live in certain places? 430

11.4 What are liveable places? 436

11.5 What is it like living in remote places? 443

11.6 Why do people choose to live in the country? 454

11.7 Why do people choose to live in the city? 461

11.8 How do places change? 465

11.9 Why do people choose to live on Country? 472

11.10 Investigating topographic maps — Griffith, Nsw 476

11.11 INQUIRY: What is my place like? 478

11.12 Review 480

12 Liveable places 484

12.1 Overview 485

12.2 What is liveability? 486

12.3 Where are the most liveable cities? 490

12.4 Is Perth a liveable city? 494

12.5 Is there a connection between liveability and sustainable living? 498

12.6 What makes a city less liveable? 502

12.7 How can liveability be improved? 511

12.8 What makes our communities liveable? 518

12.9 How does connection to Country make places liveable? 523

12.10 Investigating topographic maps: Liveability in Badu and Moa 528

12.11 INQUIRY: Liveable cities investigation 531

12.12 Review 533

■ Civics and Citizenship 538

13 Civics and Citizenship concepts and skills 540

13.1 Overview 541

13.2 Concepts in Civics and Citizenship 542

13.3 Skills in Civics and Citizenship 545

13.4 SkillBuilder: Notetaking

13.5 SkillBuilder: Writing inquiry questions for research

13.6 SkillBuilder: Writing argument Paragraphs

13.7 SkillBuilder: Writing a submission

13.8 SkillBuilder: Debating an issue

13.9 SkillBuilder: Creating political media

13.10 Review 549

14 The Australian government and active citizenship 550

14.1 Overview 551

14.2 What is the role and structure of the Commonwealth Parliament? 552

14.3 What are the roles and structures of the state and territory parliaments? 556

14.4 Why do we have different levels of government? 561

14.5 What does ‘equality for all’ mean?  568

14.6 What is ‘active citizenship’?  575

14.7 How are our democratic freedoms protected? 579

14.8 INQUIRY: Sharing the power 584

14.9 Review 586

15 The legal system and you 590

15.1 Overview 591

15.2 What are the principles of justice? 592

15.3 Where did our justice system come from? 598

15.4 How do Australian courts work? 602

15.5 What is the presumption of innocence? 607

15.6 What is a fair trial?  613

15.7 Can everyone access justice? 620

15.8 INQUIRY: Access for First Nations Australian women — #Freeher 625

15.9 Review 626

16 Australian citizenship, diversity and identity 630

16.1 Overview 631

16.2 Should we celebrate our multicultural society? 632

16.3 What role does religion play in Australian society? 636

16.4 How do we promote cohesion in Australian society? 641

16.5 INQUIRY: Religious Discrimination Bill debate 644

16.6 Review 647

■ Economics and Business 650

17 Economics and business concepts and skills 652

17.1 Overview 653

17.2 Concepts in Economics and Business  654

17.3 Skills in Economics and Business  661

17.4 SkillBuilder: Conducting research

17.5 SkillBuilder: Interpreting and explaining graphs

17.6 SkillBuilder: Evaluating a business plan

17.7 SkillBuilder: Writing a business case study

17.8 Review 664

18 Our economy — consumers, producers and government 666

18.1 Overview 667

18.2 What are our needs and wants? 668

18.3 What are the types of businesses and why do they exist? 674

18.4 How can we use our finite resources sustainably? 681

18.5 What are your rights as a consumer? 684

18.6 What responsibilities do businesses, producers and government have to you? 691

18.7 INQUIRY: How did First Nations Australians satisfy their needs and wants? 700

18.8 Review 702

19 Work and entrepreneurship 706

19.1 Overview 707

19.2 What is the role of the entrepreneur? 708

19.3 How do values influence entrepreneurial decision-making? 712

19.4 What other factors contribute to the success of entrepreneurs? 716

19.5 What is the role of First Nations Australian entrepreneurs? 721

19.6 What are sources of income? 725

19.7 What contribution can work make to individuals and society? 731

19.8 What are the different types of work? 736

19.9 INQUIRY: Innovation and entrepreneurs 742

19.10 Review 744

Glossary 748

Index 758